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=Basic information-=

Hemophilia is an F8 and F9 gene disorder, both of which are responsible for the clotting of blood after injury is caused. This also applies to rupture or internal problems, or even spontaneous bleeding without prior injury or cause. Most people experience prolonged oozing and bleeding after surgeries or other just natural things such as losing a tooth. Serious problems can occur if internal bleeding goes into your joints, brain or other internal organs. Hemophilia usually occurs in men, and there are usually no exceptions with this genetic disorder. Milder forms of this disorder may not be apparent until the person reaches a certain age.

=Types of Hemophilia-=

There are two main types of Hemophilia. They include:
 * Hemophilia A (classic Hemophilia)
 * Hemophilia B (Hemophilia B Leyden, or "Christmas disease")

People with Hemophilia B Leyden have random episodes of bleeding during childhood, But this will most likely discontinue after puberty. 1 out of about every 20,000 people are born with it or have the disorder. Hemophilia A is the more common of the two disorders, as 1 out of about 4000 to 5000 people have it. Again, most of these people are males that have the disorder. If a female gets the disorder she is most liklely a carrier and does not actually have it. Individuals with any of the three forms of Hemophilia type B, which include:
 * Mild
 * Moderate
 * Severe type B

**The Genetic Level-**

Hemophilia A and B are both caused by mutations but in different genes. Hemophilia A is caused by the mutation of the F8 gene. Hemophilia B is caused by the mutation of the F9 gene. The F8 gene is basically instructions for a protein only known as the coagulation factor VIII. The same goes for the F9 gene. It's mutated gene is the coagulation factor IX. Both tell the blood how to clot something if you are injured or something goes wrong in a blood vessel. All of these genes work together to help seal off damaged blood vessels in accidents, and if either of these don't work then the clots won't work, or even begin to clot at all. It is an X-linked trait so it is very rare for a woman to get it. In a women there are two X chromosomes instead of just one like the males, which would mean that the woman would have to have both F8 or F9 genes altered to cause the woman to have the disorder. In males, a mutated version of the F8 or F9 gene in each cell is enough to cause the disorder. Women who are carriers usually have less of the coagulation factor VIII or IX, but at least 50%, which is enough for normal clotting to occur in the blood. However in some cases, there is less than 50% and something similar to Hemophilia will occur, such as abnormal bleeding after slight trauma, but its not considered full-on Hemophilia. The normal range of clotting in coagulation factor IX is 50% to 150%. In Hemophilia type B severe, the amount is less than 1%, which is almost little to no clotting at all. In Hemophilia type B Moderate, the amount is 1-5%, which is still not a lot of clotting at all for a person. In Hemophilia type B mild the amount is 5-30% which is barely enough to start clotting a little bit of the wound. About 10% of female carriers have below 30% coagulation factor IX or VIII. This can occur in severity no matter how severe the it has been in the family beforehand, it is also more common in the IX factor than the VIII factor.

**Symptoms-**
 * Excessive bleeding after a traumatic expereince, such as surgery or injury. This may occur either externally (external bleeding), or internally (internal bleeding).
 * Bleeding in the joints, such as the knees, elbows, or other joints and can happen without prior notice or obvious injury. This first causes tightness in the joint then the joint continue to get hotter to the touch. They also become painful to bend. Swelling continues as the bleeding continues and movement is temporarily lost in the joint. The pain can be severe and this can cause permanent damage to the joint if not treated quickly.
 * Bleeding in the brain. This causes serious complications within a few hours sometimes and it can be from just a simple bump on the head as a cause.
 * Additional symptoms include:long lasting headaches, neck stiffness, vomiting, drowsiness, sudden weakness in arms and legs or problems walking, double-vision, and seizures.

=﻿**Ages-**= The ages people begin show if they have the disorder or not begin and end depending on different factors, such as Hemophilia type, severity, and other factors. For example, people with moderate Hemophilia B aren't diagnosed until they are 5 to 6 years of age. People with Hemophilia type B mild's disorder don't start showing up until at least after puberty. In severe cases they start showing within a couple months of birth, or about a year.

=﻿**Ethnicity-**= This genetic disorder will affect all ethnicities; anyone can inhereit the disorder from their parents.

=﻿**Treatment-**= There are very few treatments for this disorder. One is called replacement therapy, in which you allow concentrated forms of the coagulation factor IX or VIII to be dripped or injected slowly into the body to infuse the cells with the coagulation factor's. There is a hitch to this because the infusion is only temporary. The body's natural way of doing things overcomes the concentrated forms. The concentrating factor are easy to store at home and mix and can be injected in about 15 minutes. The other types are called Desmopressin, a man-made hormone that enhances the stored factor VIII, and the Von Willebrand factor, which is a protein that stays in the blood longer than other similar proteins. Both of these work about the same, but replacement therapy is more versatile than desmopressin method because it can be used with both types. Desmopressin can only be used with milder versions of Hemophilia A.

=﻿**Famous people-**= Queen Victoria was a spontaneous starter of Hemophilia in the royal family and passed it on to the Victorian line. She passed it on to her children almost half of them had or were carriers of the disorder. Her children married into different royalties all over Europe. This continued all through the descendents of the family.

=﻿**Bibliography**=